Cranial Nerves and Breastfeeding: Understanding the Connection

Breastfeeding is a natural and vital experience that provides essential nutrition and bonding between a mother and her child. What many may not realize is that behind this seemingly simple act lies a complex interplay of biology, including the involvement of cranial nerves. It is important to explore the significance of cranial nerves in breastfeeding and how they contribute to this fundamental aspect of infant care.

UNDERSTANDING CRANIAL NERVES

Cranial nerves are involved in motor movement, sensation, or both. Cranial nerves are a set of twelve pairs of nerves that emerge from the brain and brainstem. Each is named for their function or structure. Each nerve has a corresponding Roman numeral between I (one) and XII (twelve). The numeral is based on their location from front to back. The olfactory nerve is designated as I, as it is closest to the front of the head.

Here are the 12 cranial nerves:

I.  Olfactory nerve

II. Optic nerve

III. Oculomotor nerve

IV. Trochlear nerve

V. Trigeminal nerve

VI. Abducens nerve

VII. Facial nerve

VIII. Vestibulocholear nerve

IX. Glossopharyngeal nerve

X. Vagus nerve

XI. Accessory nerve

XII. Hypoglossal nerve

These nerves are responsible for various functions in the head and neck region, controlling everything from sensory perception to muscle movements. The process of breastfeeding involves a combination of complex movements and coordinated actions, which are facilitated by the engagement of multiple cranial nerves. These nerves are crucial for initiating and regulating breastfeeding, making them indispensable for both the mother and the baby.

CRANIAL NERVES INVOLVED IN BREASTFEEDING

Cranial Nerve V (Trigeminal Nerve)

The trigeminal nerve plays a vital role in facial sensation and motor control. During breastfeeding, it's responsible for regulating the muscles involved in chewing and facilitating a proper latch.

Cranial Nerve VII (Facial Nerve)

The facial nerve controls the muscles of facial expression and contributes to lip and cheek movement, which is crucial for a baby to create a seal during breastfeeding.

Cranial Nerve IX (Glossopharyngeal Nerve)

The glossopharyngeal nerve is involved in the complex process of swallowing, ensuring that the baby can effectively swallow the milk without choking or aspiration. The glossopharyngeal nerve plays a role in stimulating saliva production, facilitating essential lubrication for comfortable breastfeeding

Cranial Nerve X (Vagus Nerve)

The vagus nerve is responsible for controlling the muscles involved in swallowing and the relaxation of the esophagus, facilitating a smooth and safe feeding experience for the infant.

COMMON CHALLENGES AND CRANIAL NERVES

Sometimes, issues with specific cranial nerves can result in challenges during breastfeeding. For example, difficulties with latch or inadequate sucking may be related to cranial nerve dysfunction. Cranial nerve dysfunction (CND) – where cranial nerves become stretched or compressed causing poor function.

Signs of dysfunction can include:

  • Asymmetry in the face, can notice in the eyes or near mouth

  • Head preference or tilting

  • Having to hold breast in certain positions due to latching difficulties

  • Flexing and extention in the neck seems difficult

  • Difficulty swallowing – coughing, spilling or suck/swallow breathing coordination issues

  • Difficulty chewing/ transitioning to solid food in older babies / children

To enhance breastfeeding success, here are a few tips to optimize cranial nerve function:

- Practice gentle facial massages to stimulate the cranial nerves involved.

- Ensure a comfortable and supportive breastfeeding position for both mother and baby.

- Consider consulting with a lactation consultant for personalized guidance and support.

-Babies should be referred to skilled bodywork practitioners who have experience working with babies in order to preserve the breastfeeding relationship.

Not being able to breastfeed is a red flag for underlying issues that get missed when the solution offered is to simply switch to bottle-feeding. Understanding the role of cranial nerves in breastfeeding sheds light on the intricate biology behind this beautiful bonding experience. By recognizing the importance of these nerves and how they contribute to successful breastfeeding, we can better appreciate the miracles of nature that happen every time a mother nurtures her child through breastfeeding.

TKia Robinson-Walterscheid